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What to know about breast cancer

Breast cancer is an invasive cancer. It most commonly occurs due to a genetic mutation or damage to DNA. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy.

Breast cancer can affect females or males, but this article will focus on the condition in females. Although most breast cancers do not have symptoms, a person may feel a lump in the breast, changes to the nipple, and armpit or breast pain.

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Causes of breast cancer

Breast cancer develops due to genetic changes that can be inherited or acquired (not inherited). Researchers associate an increased risk of breast cancer with factors such as

  • Estrogen exposure
  • Inherited genetic irregularities
  • Inherited genes that increase the likelihood of cancer, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations

Other symptoms may include:

  • Pitting or dimpling of breast tissue, like the surface of an orange
  • Nipple discharge
  • Swelling
  • Nipple or breast pain
  • A sunken or inverted nipple
  • Dryness, flaking, or thickening of the breast or nipple skin
  • Swollen lymph nodes

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Breast cancer risk factors

The following factors may make developing breast cancer more likely.

Age

The risk of breast cancer increases with age. According to a 2024 article that cites older research, around 95% of new cases occur in females older than 40.

It states that breast cancer affects 1.5 in every 100,000 females ages 20 to 24, increasing to 421.3 in every 100,000 of those ages 75 to 79.

Genetics

Females who inherit certain mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have a higher chance of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or both. Mutations in the TP53 gene also have links to an increased breast cancer risk.

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